IELTS READING – Environmental Management S50AT2

IELTS READING S50AT2 Environmental Management Section A Q14 The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. Often, however, governments act in an even more harmful way. They actually subsidise the exploitation and consumption of natural resources. A whole range […]

IELTS READING – THE CONCEPT OF ROLE THEORY S50AT3

IELTS READING S50AT3 THE CONCEPT OF ROLE THEORY Role set Any individual in any situation occupies a role in relation to other people. The particular individual with whom one is concerned in the analysis of any situation is usually given the name of focal person. He has the focal role and can be regarded as […]

IELTS READING – The Risks of Cigarette Smoke S49AT2

IELTS READING S49AT2 The Risks of Cigarette Smoke Discovered in the early 1800s and named nicotianine, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times, scientific research […]

IELTS READING – THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD S49AT3

IELTS READING S49AT3 THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD A. ’Hypotheses,’ said Medawar in 1964, ‘are imaginative and inspirational in character’ they are ‘adventures of the mind’. He was arguing in favour of the position taken by Karl Popper in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1972, 3rd edition) that the Q36 nature of scientific method is hypothetico-deductive and not, […]