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IELTS READING- Traditional cooking stoves S31GT5

IELTS READING Traditional cooking stoves: an overview of designs for improving them  Reading Practice Test has 10 Questions belongs to the Environmental Science / Public Health subject..

1. A large number of people in the world still use wood as the main source of heat for cooking. Many of these people use ‘three stone’ open fires, and although these have the benefit of being very cheap to make, they are inefficient to use.  In addition, cooking over an open fire exposes people to wood smoke,

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which irritates their eyes and lungs and makes them susceptible to respiratory diseases.  There is also a risk of burns, as the fire has no protection around it. Finally, using wood for cooking contributes to deforestation, in particular around cities and towns, where the concentrated use of wood puts pressure on the surrounding land.

2. Improvements in stove design can bring a number of advantages.  Improved stoves allow fuel to burn more efficiently, so getting more heat to the cooking pots, and reducing the amount of wood required to cook a meal. Typically they use between 25% and 60% less wood than open fires. Increased combustion also reduces the amount of smoke that is produced. People save time as they need to collect less firewood – a task which usually falls to women and children. The extra time allows women to take up other activities, including earning extra money, and allows children more time for education. Also, family members are reported to be more willing to help with the cooking once they have a smoke-free place in which to work.

3. There are various levels of improvement which can be made. Efficient wood combustion depends on an adequate supply of air reaching all the areas where the wood is burning. Hot gases tend to rise, creating a draught that draws in more air, so adding a chimney improves this draught. A grate to supply air under the fuel is a second improvement. The next step separates the combustion process from heat transfer to the cooking pots. For example, the ‘Rocket’ stove concept uses a vertical combustion chamber, where the wood burns in air, with a horizontal air and fuel inlet at the bottom. At the top of the combustion chamber, the hot gases are forced to flow through a narrow gap around the cooking pot, so that heat is transferred very efficiently to the pot.

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IELTS READING- A career in journalism S31GT4

IELTS READING A career in journalism  Reading Practice Test has 10 Questions belongs to the Journalism / Media Studies subject..

How do I get into journalism?

Trainees come into the industry by a variety of routes. Some are recruited directly by a newspaper in their local area and carry out their basic training under the terms of a training contract. This is known as direct entry.

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However, the majority of trainees are recruited after attending vocational education and training courses. These are normally for graduates. Such courses are generally run by colleges accredited by the National Council for the Training of Journalists. This route is known as pre-entry.

Some colleges will grant places to people on pre-entry courses only if they have already had a work experience placement at a newspaper. Therefore it would be sensible for you to write to a number of local newspaper editors to ask if they will allow you to join their team of reporters as an observer for a few days. Explain why you think you would make a good reporter and try to pick a time other than July, when pressure on work experience places is at its greatest. You should try to be the applicant who stands out as the most committed to newspaper journalism, and the most able. But do not be put off if you receive rejection letters, as there is strong competition for places. Editors appreciate and respect determination and persistence.

Many people ask about becoming freelance journalists. To begin with, you must know the paper you’re hoping to write for; the article should be approximately the same number of words normally employed by the editorial column in that paper, and on one of the topics that are most likely to be used. Approach the editor in writing. Send a written synopsis of your article, enclosing some information about yourself and, if possible, some other articles you have had printed, whether in your local paper or in your student magazine.

What qualities do newspaper editors look for?

To convince an editor that you are worth appointing you will need to be able to demonstrate:

 • an interest in people

 • an interest in current affairs

 • an ability to write in a style which is easy to understand

 • good spelling, grammar and punctuation

 • an appreciation of the part newspapers play in the community and society

 • a willingness to accept irregular hours, and work under pressure to meet deadlines.

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IELTS READING- LOCAL SUMMER ACTIVITIES S31GT3

IELTS READING LOCAL SUMMER ACTIVITIES  Reading Practice Test has 10 Questions belongs to the Leisure / Community subject..

LOCAL SUMMER ACTIVITIES

A

Sunday 25th May

Dawn chorus experience

6 am Meet in Respryn car park.

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Riverside and woodland walk in Respryn Nature Reserve to hear the spring dawn chorus. With luck we might see breeding dipper, kingfisher and pied flycatcher. Bring warm, waterproof clothing in case of wet weather, drinks, and binoculars.

B

Sunday 22nd June

Smallholders’ country fair and market

Pencarrow House and Gardens, Bodmin

Garden produce and plants from the surrounding countryside. Rural skills and crafts, including brass band, dog show, dog agility, sheep herding and shearing. Games and fun for the children ACTIVITIES.

For more details call 01840 250586.

C

Saturday 28th June

St George’s Island

10.00 am-12.30 pm. Transport by boat leaving promptly from the Lifeboat Station, East Looe seafront.

Gentle walk and talk by an expert on the wonderful and diverse bird life that visits the island. Wear suitable footwear and clothing, bring food and drink.

Cost £7.50. Booking is essential, on 07933 765581. Trip may be cancelled in the event of strong winds or heavy rain. 

D

Monday 30th June

Exploring local ponds and rivers

2-4 pm. Meet at car park opposite Kit Farm.

Come and find out about all kinds of creatures living in water. Children under 16 to be accompanied at all times by an adult. Please bring sun cream, sun hat, sketch pad and pencils – but no pets. Nothing to pay, but booking is advisable (01872 468323).

E

Thursday 3rd July

Fowey estuary

10 am. Meet at White cross car park.

A unique opportunity to explore the beautiful estuary of the Fowey. Light and stable Canadian canoes have plenty of space. Full instructions and equipment provided. No previous experience necessary, though you must be used to strenuous exercise! Approx 4 hours.

Adults £25; Children £20. Book on 01208 265220.

F

Saturday 12th July

Craft fair and coffee morning

9.30am-12.30pm. Millbrook Village Hall

Variety of stalls selling wooden toys and puzzles, jewellery, hand-painted silk scarves, textiles, silks, ceramics and soaps. All made by hand in the local area.

Free entry. Disabled access.

More details at www.roymarg.com

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IELTS READING- Negotiating a better salary package for your new job S31GT2

IELTS READING Negotiating a better salary package for your new job  Reading Practice Test has 10 Questions belongs to the Business / Employment subject..

Negotiating a better salary package for your new job

If you make it through the recruitment interview, a job offer may be just around the corner and you face having to talk about the nitty-gritty: your financial value.

Although many graduate training schemes have set starting salaries,

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there are loads of other jobs where you’ll need to exercise your negotiating skills. If you’re offered a job, it’s because the organisation sees you as a valuable asset and you should try to set your level of remuneration accordingly.

There are no general rules about how and when to conduct your negotiation but being sensitive to the culture of the organisation is essential. There are also some practical steps you can take to position yourself sensibly. Familiarise yourself with the company itself, as well as the range of salaries on offer. Doing careful research in this way prior to starting negotiations is very valuable. You can look at the range of packages offered for comparable jobs in adverts on the internet, or ask for advice from people you know professionally or personally. You could also approach a local Training and Enterprise Council. Finally, if you’re a member of a union, they will have information on acceptable salary ranges for your profession.

If the salary offered is less than you’d hoped for, you could negotiate an early pay review instead, say after the first six months. Ensure that the criteria are clearly set out though, and that they’re included in your contract.

Make sure you check out the salary package, not just the number of zeroes on your payslip. You may find that the total package of pay and benefits raises the worth of the salary to an acceptable level. For instance, you may be offered private health cover, a non-contributory pension, a car to use for work purposes and/or significant bonuses. When bonuses are mentioned, you may want to discuss the basis on which they’re paid, so that you’re absolutely clear about the terms and conditions attached. When negotiating, be persuasive and consistent in your arguments but be prepared to agree to a compromise if you really want the job.

If your negotiations are successful, ask for the agreed terms and conditions to be confirmed in writing ASAP.

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