IELTS LISTENING
The ‘weak-tie’ theory: how friends-of-friends influence us
Lecturer: Good morning. Today we’re thinking about the way that technology is influencing our social structures and the way we interact with one another. Humans, as we know, have always lived in groups. Without this arrangement, our species would have died out long ago. But now the way we see and define our group is changing. I’d like to start by mentioning the research of American sociologist Mark Grannovetter in 1973. It was granted better, who first coined the term weak ties, which he used to refer to people’s loose acquaintances.
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In other words, friends of friends. His research showed that weak ties had a significant effect on the behavior and choices of populations, and this influence was something highly important in the fields of information, science, and politics. And, as you can imagine, Q31 marketing also so these friends of friends people we might spend time with its social or work gatherings might not be like us, but they can still have a positive influence because we share the same sort of Q32 interests. That’s enough to make a connection, and this connection can turn out to be more beneficial than we might suspect.
An example of this, an example of how the connection can influence us is when our weak ties get in touch and pass on details about Q33 jobs they think might be suitable for us. Well, since Grant a better first came up with this theory, his work has been sighted in over 19,000 papers. Some of these studies have looked at how weak tie networks are useful to us in other ways, And one thing that seems to improve as a result of weak tie influence is our Q34 health.
Today, our number of weak tie acquaintances has exploded due to the internet to the phenomenon of online social networking. This is still a relatively new way of communication, something that has a huge amount of potential. But also, as with any invention, it brings with it a new set of problems. Let’s start with the benefits without question. Q36 Online social networking allows us to pass on the latest news to be up to date with local and global events, and for many, this information comes from sources more trustworthy than local media. So this is one clear point in favor of online social networking. I know that it’s also being used by students as a means of increasing their chances of success in the way the lecture notes can be shared and ideas discussed. I think, personally speaking, that we need some further research before we condemn definitively, say whether it helps or not. There’s also been a great increase in the number of networking sites devoted to sharing advice on health issues. But there are is yet no studies to prove the reliability of that advice.
Now what we do have clear evidence for is that Q35 people are developing friendships and professional networks in a way that wasn’t possible before. The process is faster. I’m not talking about quality here, but simply that they exist. And it’s debatable whether the number of online friends that you have increases your level of self-confidence. That’s perhaps an area of research. Some of you might be interested in following up turning to the problems. There are any number of articles connecting online activity to falling levels of physical fitness, but it’s too easy to blame the Internet for our social problems. The poor grades of school Children are also frequently linked to the time spent on social networking sites, but it would be naive to believe there are no other contributing factors. One real concern, however, is the increase in the amount of fraud where, for example, Q37 people are using the personal data of others, which they put online for criminal purposes. This kind of activity seems likely to continue, and then, Q38 certainly for employers, online social networking sites have provided a great time-wasting opportunity, reducing productivity like never before. And I doubt they can put a stop to this habit no matter what restrictions are in place. We’ll come back to these issues in a minute, But I’d like to say something about the theories of Robin Dunbar, an anthropologist at Oxford University. Dunbar has found that the human brain has evolved in a way that means we can only give real attention to a particular number of people 150 apparently So, for example, if the number of friends on your online network is greater than that. According to Dunbar, this would imply the relationships are only superficial. Dunbar is not against online relationships. But Q39 he maintains that face-to-face interaction is essential for the initial creation of true friendship and connections. He’s concerned that for Q40 young people if they’re only experience of forming relationships is online, this doesn’t allow them to form the ability or acquire the strategies for maintaining relationships, for example, in situations where negotiation or diplomacy is required all over is essential